9.2. Printer Connections
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## 9.2. Printer Connections

Printers are connected to computer systems in a variety of ways. Small desktop printers are usually connected directly to a computer's USB port. Older printers are connected to a parallel or “printer” port. Some printers are directly connected to a network, making it easy for multiple computers to share them. A few printers use a rare serial port connection.

FreeBSD can communicate with all of these types of printers.

USB

  USB printers can be connected to any available USB port on the computer.

  When FreeBSD detects a USB printer, two device entries are created: `/dev/ulpt0` and `/dev/unlpt0`. Data sent to either device will be relayed to the printer. After each print job, `ulpt0` resets the USB port. Resetting the port can cause problems with some printers, so the `unlpt0` device is usually used instead. `unlpt0` does not reset the USB port at all.

Parallel (IEEE-1284)

  The parallel port device is `/dev/lpt0`. This device appears whether a printer is attached or not, it is not autodetected.

  Vendors have largely moved away from these “legacy” ports, and many computers no longer have them. Adapters can be used to connect a parallel printer to a USB port. With such an adapter, the printer can be treated as if it were actually a USB printer. Devices called print servers can also be used to connect parallel printers directly to a network.

Serial (RS-232)

  Serial ports are another legacy port, rarely used for printers except in certain niche applications. Cables, connectors, and required wiring vary widely.

  For serial ports built into a motherboard, the serial device name is `/dev/cuau0` or `/dev/cuau1`. Serial USB adapters can also be used, and these will appear as `/dev/cuaU`0``.

  Several communication parameters must be known to communicate with a serial printer. The most important are baud rate or BPS (Bits Per Second) and parity. Values vary, but typical serial printers use a baud rate of 9600 and no parity.

Network

  Network printers are connected directly to the local computer network.

  The DNS hostname of the printer must be known. If the printer is assigned a dynamic address by DHCP, DNS should be dynamically updated so that the host name always has the correct IP address. Network printers are often given static IP addresses to avoid this problem.

  Most network printers understand print jobs sent with the LPD protocol. A print queue name can also be specified. Some printers process data differently depending on which queue is used. For example, a `raw` queue prints the data unchanged, while the `text` queue adds carriage returns to plain text.

  Many network printers can also print data sent directly to port 9100.

### 9.2.1. Summary

Wired network connections are usually the easiest to set up and give the fastest printing. For direct connection to the computer, USB is preferred for speed and simplicity. Parallel connections work but have limitations on cable length and speed. Serial connections are more difficult to configure. Cable wiring differs between models, and communication parameters like baud rate and parity bits must add to the complexity. Fortunately, serial printers are rare.

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